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Respiratorydistresssyndrome(RDS)isabreathingdisorderofprematurenewbornsinwhichthealveolidonotremainopenduetoalackofsurfactant.Recallthatsurfactantreducessurfacetensionandisnecessarytopreventthecollapseofalveoliduringexhalation.Themoreprematurethenewborn,thegreaterthechancethatRDSwilldevelop.

SymptomsofRDSincludelaboredandirregularbreathing,flaringofthenostrilsduringinhalation,gruntingduringexhalation,andperhapsablueskincolor.Besidesthesymptoms,RDSisdiagnosedonthebasisofchestradiographsandabloodtest.

AnewbornwithmildRDSmayrequireonlysupplementaloxygenadministeredthroughanoxygenhoodorthroughatubeplacedinthenose.Inseverecasesoxygenmaybedelivedbycontinuouspositiveairwaypressure(CPAP)throughtubesinthenostrilsoramaskontheface.Insuchcasessurfactantmaybeadministereddirectlyintothelungs.

premature/?pri?m??t??r/[adj.]早产的；不成熟的

newborn/?nu?b??rn/[n.]新生儿

alveolus/?l?vi??l?s/[n.]肺泡（单数）

surfactant/s??r?f?kt?nt/[n.]表面活性物质

exhalation/?eksh??le??n/[n.]呼气

inhalation/??nh??le??n/[n.]吸气

nostril/?nɑ?str?l/[n.]鼻孔

grunt/ɡr?nt/[v.]发出呼噜声；嘟哝

radiograph/red?oɡr?f/[n.]X线片

supplemental/,s?pl?mentl/[adj.]补充的

丸子笔记：呼吸窘迫综合征RDS（respiratorydistresssyndrome）是一种呼吸功能障碍（breathingdisorder），患者通常为肺泡（alveoli）缺乏表面活性物质（surfactant）的早产儿（prematurenewborn）。肺表面活性物质能够降低肺泡表面张力（surfacetension），并且在呼气（exhalation）过程中防止肺泡塌陷（collapse）。胎儿在6、7个月或更后，肺泡II型上皮细胞才开始合成和分泌肺表面活性物质。因此，胎龄越小的早产儿患RDS的几率越大。早产儿可因肺泡II型细胞尚未成熟，缺乏肺表面活性物质而引起肺泡极度缩小，发生肺不张，且由于肺泡表面张力过高，吸引肺毛细血管血浆进入肺泡，在肺泡内壁形成一层“透明膜”阻碍气体交换，出现新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征NRDS（neonatalrespiratorydistresssyndrome）。RDS的症状包括呼吸困难（laboredbreathing）、呼吸频率不规则（irregularbreathing）、吸气（inhalation）时出现鼻翼扇动（flaringofthenostrils）、呼气时发出呼噜声。RDS的诊断除了参考以上症状，还基于胸片（chestradiograph）和血液检查。症状轻微（mild）的RDS患儿通过氧气罩（oxygenhood）或鼻导管直接给氧即可。病情严重的患儿可能需要进行持续气道正压通气CPAP（continuouspositiveairwaypressure），在这种情况下，可能会直接将表面活性物质输入肺中。↑infantoxygenhood↑continuouspositiveairwaypressure


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